知识讲解：2016考研英语语法指导——如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句

下面是摘自朱振斌编的《高中英语语法通霸》，希望能解决你的问题。

　　 同位语从句和定语从句

第一部分：考点精讲精练

例题：

He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.

A. which B. that C. which or that

答案是B。那么A为什么不可以呢？

要弄明白这个问题，就要搞清楚定语从句和同位语从句的区别。同位语从句和定语从句很相似，但还是有区别的，区别主要在以下三方面：

A. 从词类上区别

同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:

① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.

我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）

② Word came that he had been abroad.

据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）

③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.

我们队赢了,这让我们很高兴。（定语从句）

B. 从性质上区别

定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用，功能上相当于形容词；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，是名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴。如:

① The news that our team has won the game was true.

我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。

（同位语从句，说明news到底是一个什么消息）

② The news that he told me yesterday was true.

昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。

（定语从句, 指他告诉我的消息）

③ I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.

我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有。

（同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容）

④ The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.

妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。

（定语从句, promise在从句中作pleased的主语）

C. 引导词上的区别

i. 引导词that

引导词that引导定语从句时，作从句的一个成分，有时可用which替换，作宾语时常常省略；而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。

例：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。

① The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.

我们应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令昨天收到了。

② The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.

我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。

解析：

①是同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，不能换为which, 也不能省略。

②是定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以换为which，也可以省略。

ii. how, whether, what虽不能引导定语从句，却可引导同位语从句；who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引导定语从句外，也可引导同位语从句。（参看P. 124第1讲）

iii. 定语从句的引导词反映的是先行词的意思，而同位语从句的引导词在意思上和前面的词没有联系。

① The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.

② The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.

在①中，that的意思是reason, 在定语从句中作give的宾语。在②句中，that只起连接作用，不含有the reason的意思。

iv. 在定语从句中，关系副词可以换为“介词+关系代词”，而引导同位语从句的连接副词却不能换为“介词+连接代词”的形式。

① The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.

② The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.

在上面的句①中，where可以换为in which；在句②中，where不能换为in which。

例：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。

① That question whether we need it has not been considered.

② I have no idea what has happened to him.

③ I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with it.

④ The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.

⑤ The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.

解析：①、②、③是同位语从句，它们是在说明前面词的内容, whether, what和how不能引导定语从句。

④是定语从句，where反映的是先行词的意思，可以换为in which。

⑤是同位语从句。从句是在说明decision的内容。when并没有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改为 at which time。

练习

1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.

A. that B which C. what D. where

2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.

A. that B when C. what D. where

3. 【2006重庆】Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.

A. why B. that C. where D. because

4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A. that B. what C. how D. why

5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.

A. that B. which C. / D. A and B

6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.

A. that B. which C. / D. A and B

7. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.

A. if B. when C. that D. which

8. 【2004上海】A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.

A. when B. where C. what D. that

9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.

A. that B. which C. until D. if

10. 【2009浙江】—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport ?

—No problem.

A. when B. that C. whether D. what

11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.

A. which B. when C. that D. where

12. 【2009重庆】We should consider the students’ request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.

A. that B. when C. which D. where

第二部分：综合能力提升

I. 改错（每题只有一个错误）

13. 【2007天津】However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgement of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder. how改为that

14. 【2007全国Ⅱ】My school is organizing a basketball team and there' s just a chance which I can join it. （which改为that）

II. 语法填空（每空之多填三词）

15. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on. that

16. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents. that/ which

17. 【2009四川】News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. that

III. 写作技能提升

18. 我已经自己许下承诺，毕业前我再也不玩电脑了。（make a promise to, graduation）

19. 当消息传来不久你就将回国，我们真的很难过。(sad, word came )

20. 有谚语说“熟能生巧”，因此如果你想学好英语，你必须在它上面多花费时间。（a saying goes that）

21. 我相信如果你尽力而为，有很大的可能性你最后会成功的。（a great chance）